???

??

?????????,????????????,????????????????????,???(??)?????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????,??????????,???????,????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????

????

??????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????????????????(re-socialization process)? ???????????????????????,??????????????,???????????????,??????????????????(community service)?1972???????????????????? ??????,??????????????,????????????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????????(??:?????????????????),???????????????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????(???,?84)? ?????????????????????????????????????,????????,??????????,??????????????,??????????,????????????

???????????

?????????(institutional treatment)???????community-based treatment),???????????,????????????,??????????????????? ???????,?????????????,???????????????????? ?????????,??????????,?????:?????????,???????????????;??????????,??????????????????,??????????????,?????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????,????????????????,????????????,???????????,???????,??????????,????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????,????????????,????????????,???????????????,?????????????,??????????,????????????????????,?????????,??????,?????????????????? ????????? 1960??,Lemert?Becker??????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????? 1970??,?????????????,???????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????(decriminalization),?????????????,???????????? ???????????? ????????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????? ???????????? 1960??,?????????????,????????????????????;????????(the Great Society)?????,????????????????????????,????????????????,???????????(????)???,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????,?????????????? ???????????????,?????????? ???????,?????????????????:???????????????????,????????????????????????????,???????,????????????? ??,????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????,????????????? ??????????,??????????? 1970????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????????1976???????????????????:??????????????,??????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????(LEAA)???????????(OJJDP)????(DOL)??????????(HEW)?????????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????? 1970????,???????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????;???????,?????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????,???????????????? ??1980??,?????????,????????????,???1980?????????,???????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????,???????????(alternatives to imprisonment)??????????????????????(community treatment)????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????????????1980????,??????????(??)???(intermediate punishments; intermediate sanction)? ????????????,???????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????,??????,???????????,??????????????????????(????,1993:6;?????,1998:233)? ???????????????????????? 1990??,?????????????????????????(kinder, gentler nation)??,???????????????,????????????,??????????????,????????????1992?1???????,??????????,??????????,?????????(Cole, 1995:501)????????,????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????,???????,??????,??????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????,??????????????,????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????????????

???????????????

??????????????? ?????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????(McCarthy & McCarthy, 1991);???,????????,???????????????????,???????(???,?84)????????????(victimless crime)??????????,???????,????????,???????????????????????????,???????????????,????????????????,???????????????,????????(???????,?79)? ????????,??????,???????????????????,?????????????;???????,????????????,???????,???????????????,?????????????,????????????????;?????,???????????,?????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????(???,?87)? ???????? ????????,?????????????????????,??????????????,???????????,???????????1955??????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??????,??????????????????????(??????) ????????????,??????????????????????,??????????,?????,?????????,??????????????????????????????(institutionalization, prisonization)?????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????,????????????????(???,?86)? ????,??????????????????,??????????????,???????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????,???????????????,????,?????????????,????????????????????????????????? ???????? 1980????????????????,???????????????????,???????????,?????????,???????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????,?????:????????????????????????????????????????????;???????????,???????????????,???????????:????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,???????????,???????????,???????????(???,?87)? ?????????????????? ?????????,???????????,????????(community corrections)???????????????(community-based corrections)??;????,???????????????????,????????(community treatment)????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????,????????,??????????????????????;????????????????????????(non-institutional correctional programs),?????????????????????????????????????? ????,?????????????,?????????????(community-based criminal justice programs)???????,?????????:(?)??????(pretrial release programs):????????????????,???????,??????????????????,(?)???????(informal justice programs):???????????????(preferences)????,???????,???????????,????????????????????,???????(diversion)????,(?)??????(community corrections programs):???(incarceration)???(sentences)???????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????????? ?????? Hahn(1975)???????:???????,???????????????????????,???????????????????,??????(probation)???(parole)?????(diversion)?????(education release)?????(work release)?????(prison furloughs)??????? Sandhu?????????????????????(National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals)?????,????????????????????????(Sandhu, 1981)???????Fox(1977)?????????????????????Hahn???????:?????????????????????????,??????????????(Hahn, 1975) ???????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????????????(??????,?????????)??????????(??????????,???????)?????(???????????,?????????)??????(????,????)????????????(?????????);???,??????????:???????????????????????????????????????????(???,?87)? ???????????????????,???????????????????,???????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????,??????(halfway house)?????(foster home)?????(probation)???(parole)?????(after-care)????(???,?86) ?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????(McShane & Krause, 1993:4),??????????????,??????????????(???,1998),?????????,?????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????????? ???? ??????????,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????? ??,???????????,???????????????????,??????,????????????,???????????????:????????????????????????????,?????????????Griffiths??,????????????????????(criteria),?????????????????????????Griffith????????(localized)????????????(Griffiths ,1987)??,??????????????????????????,?????????

?????????

????? ?????????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????,?????????????(reintegration)? ??????????,???????????????,??????????????;?????????,???????????????,?:?????????????????????????????,???????????,????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????: (?)???????,???????????????(???????,????????????????????,???????????????????)? (?)?????????????(?????????????????,??:???????????????????)? (?)????????????????????????(???????????,?????????????????????)? (?)???????????????????????????? (?)??????????(???????????????,??:??????????????????)? ?????? ???????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????;??,????????????????,?:????????????,???????? ????????????????,????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????,????????????,?????,??????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????;?????????????????????,????????,?????????????????? ??????????,?????????????,?????????,?????????????????????,????????;??,?????????????,??????????,????????,??????????????????(McCarthy & McCarthy, 1991)?

?????????

???????????????(?86)?????Clear?Cole???,????????????,????????????:???????????????(supervision program);????,???????????(residential program);??????????????????????????????(release program)(Clear & Cole, 1986)???,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????,?????????,??????????????????????????????? ?????? (?)???? ????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????,?????????????? (?)?? ?????????????????????,???????????(Harland, 1983)?????????????:??????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????,???????,??????????????,??????????????????????,??????????,?????,??????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????? (?)????(shock probation) ????????????(????90?130???),????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????(Allen & Simonsen, 1989)????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????(Wldron & Angelino, 1977)??????Vito(1985)??????????:(1)???????????,??????;(2)???30????????????????;(3)?????????????,???????????;(4)????????????????,??????????? ?????? ?????????(?????10?25?)??????????????????,?????????,???????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????(Clear & Cole, 1986)??????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????,????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????Duffee(1980)??,????????????????,?????????????,????? (?)????(work release) ???????????????,?????????????????????,???????,???????????????????,???????????????? ????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????? ???????1968??????????????????????????,????????????????12.23%,?????????????21%??Newman?Bilena?1968????(Pennsylvania)?Bucks??????????,??????????????????8%,????????????????15%,??????(Waldo, 1977)? (?)???? ????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????? (?)???? ??????????????????????????????,????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????? ??????????,?????(???,?75),????????????????(International Halfway Association),?????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????:1.????2.???????????3.?????????4.????????5.????????????6.?????????????????(???,?86)? (?)???? ????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????(??????????)?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????(Allen & Simonsen , 1989) ?????? ??????,?????????????,???????,????????????????,????(????)????????????,????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????? ??????????????????,??probation,???????????????????,???parole??????????????????,??????????????????????????????: (?)?????????? ???????????????????????????,????????(suspended sentence),?????????(suspension of the execution of the sentence)??,????????????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????????,???????????,??????????(Regoli & Hewitt , 1996)????????,????????;????????? (?)?????????? ??????????????????????,??????????,??????????,?????????????,??????????,????????????,????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????????(???,?68)? ????????????????????,????????????????,???????,???????????????(???,?86;???????,?86)? ?????????????,????????????????????,????????????,????????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????,??????????;????,????????????????????(Cole, 1995)???????,?????????????,??????,?????????? ??????????? ?????????1970????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????(intermediate punishment)????????????(risk management systems)????,?????????(intensive probation supervision)?????(home confinement)?????(electronic monitoring)???(McCarthy, 1987)? ?????????????(??)???(??)?????????????????,?????????,????????????????(Regoli & Hewitt, 1996)???McMarthy(1987)???:?????????????????(continuum),??????????????????????????????????,???????????? (?)??????(intensive probation supervision) ???????????IPS,??????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????????(Baird, 1984)????????????????????,?????????,?????????,????????????(Petersilia, 1987);??????????????????????????,????????(??),??????????,??????????(Petersilia, 1987)? ??????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????????????????,?????,??????????????(Clear, Flynn & Shapiro, 1987)???,???????????????????,??????,IPS??????(????)????????,????????????(Latessa, 1987)? (?)????(home confinement)?????(electronic monitoring) ???????????????????,????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????(telemetry)??????????????(curfews)???????????????????? Blomberg???,??????????1960?1970??????????????,????????????,????????????????????????,?????????,???????(??)?????(reversibility)????(divisibility)??????????????????????????

????????????

??????????????;????,?????????????,?????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????,???????,???????????,?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????? ??????Whisenand(1977)????????????: (?)?????????????? (?)???????????????? (?)???????? (?)???????????????? (?)?????????? ??Hahn???????????????(Fox, 1977): (?)????????????????????????????? (?)????????????????????????????????? (?)?????????,??????????????????? (?)?????????????? (?)???????????????????????????? (?)???????????????????????? (?)??????????????????????,??????????????????? (?)??????????????,???????????????????? (?)??????????????????????? ?????(?77)?????????,?????????,????????: (?)?????????????? (?)?????,?????????????,????????????,????????????? (?)??????????,????????????????,??????????,??????????????????? (?)?????,????????,????????????? (?)????????,?????????,?????????,????????,?????(teaching parents)???,??????????,?????????????????? (?)??????,???????????,?????,??????????????????,??????????,?????????? (?)????,????????????????,????????????? ???????,?????(1998)??,???????????????????)????????????????????: (?)??????????????,????????????; (?)??????????????; (?)????????????????? ????????????????,????????,?????????????: ??????????,?????????? ???????????,??????????,??????????????????,????????????,?????,?????????????,??????????????????????(Curran, 1989)???,??????,?????????????????????,?????????(National Advisory Commission)??????????????????????,????????????????????? ??????????????,?????????????,?????????????(Carter, Wilkins)??????????????????,?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2,500???????????????,????????,??:???????????????????????(???????,?86)? ?????????,????????? ??,?????????????,??????????????,???????????????,????????????(prisonization)?????,????????????,????????????????,???????????,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????(???,?86)? ????,???????,?????????????(??)?????,?????????,?????????????,??:????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????,????????????????(???,?86)? ?????????????,??????? ?????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????(????,1995)????????,????????????????????????,????????????????:???????????,????????????,??????????????,????????????????? ???????,??????????,?????????????,?????????Petersilia(1990)??,????????????????????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????(punitive qualities)? ?????????????1980??????(Kansas)?????????,????????????(Community Corrections Act)???????,?????????,???????????????;?????????????????????,??????????????,????????(Jones, 1991)? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????(Geis, 1988)???????????,??????,????????????,????????,????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????(Geis, 1988; McCarthy & McCarthy, 1991; McShane & Krause, 1993; Cole, 1995; ???,?77)? ?????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????,????????,????????;??????????,?????????????????????,??????,????????????????????,????????,??????????????(???,?84)? ????Morris?Tonry(1990)??,???????????????,?????????,?????????????????????(cost-effective programs);????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????(sentencing guidelines),????????????,??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????(continuum),???????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????????????????????,??????????????? ?????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????????(Regoli & Hewitt, 1996)? ???????????,???????????????????,???????????????;???????????????????????????????,???????(Tuner & Petersilia, 1992)? ??,????????????,?????????,?????????????,????????,???????,???????,???????????,??????????: ????????????????,???????????????? ????????,?????????????????,?????????? ?????????,???????,???????,???????????? ???????????,????????? ?????????????????,?????????,????,???????????? ??,????????????????????,???????????????????,???????,????????????;???????????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????,????????????,?????????????,??????????????

????

???(?84):????,??:????? ???????(?79):???,??:????? ???????(?86):???--????????????:????????? ???(?86):??????????,??????????????:?????,?281-299,??:????????? ???(1998):????????,??:???????? ???(?86):????,??:????? ???(?77):???????????,?????????????????,?176-188,??????????????????????? ???(?75):?????????----????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???(?86):???,??:????? ???(?87):???????????:??????????,??:?????????? ???(?84):???????????????????????????????? ???(?77):??????????,?????????????????,?276-284,??????????????????????? ???(?86):???--????????????:????????? ???????(?86):?????????????????????????????(?86),????:????????:????????? ???(?87):????????,??????:???????????????,?728-762,??:????????? ???(?81):??????,????????,?128,??:???? Allen , H. E. & Simonsen , C. E.(1989). Corrections in American. Fifth Macmillan. Baird , S. C. , (1984). Intensive Supervision in Probation. Washington D. C. : National Institute of Corrections, Mimeo. Clear , T. R. & Cole , G. F.(1986). American Corrections, NY: Brooks/Cole. Clear , T. R., Flynn, S. & Shapiro, C.(1987). Intensive Supervision in Probation: A Comparison of Three Projects , in McCarthy, B. R.(eds.) Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision , Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance. CA: Willow Tree. 31-50. Clear , T. R. & O'Leary, V.(1983). Controlling the Offender in the Community. MA: Lexington. Cole, G. F.(1995). The Criminal Justice Process. CA: Wadsworth. Cohen , A. K. (1955) . The Culture of the Gang. Curram, D. J., (1989). Punishment versus Rehabilitation : The continuing Debate is community-based corrections the Panacea of the Future? Paper Presented for the Fifth Asian-Pacific Conference on Juvenile Delinquency. Taiwan, R. O. C. DelCarmen, R.V. & Vaughn J.B.(1986). Legal Issues in the Use of Electronic Monitoring of Probationers. Federal Probation Quarterly,(2): 60-69. Duffee, D. E. & Duffee, B. W.(1987) Study the needs of Offenders in Prerelease Center. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,18(2): 232-254. Duffee, D. E.(1985). The frequency and classification of needs of offenders in community settings. Journal of Criminal Justice, 13: 243-268. Durkhim, E.(1975). Anomie, Social Deviance. Fox, V.(1976). Introduction To Criminology. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Griffiths, G. T.(1987). Community-based Corrections for Young Offenders: Past Lessons and Future Directions. Paper Presented for the Fifth Asian-Pacific Conference on Juvenile Delinquency . Taiwan , R. O. C. Geis, G.(1988). Community Corrections: Privatization, Work Release, Halfway Houses, and Diversion, Paper Presented for the Fifth Asian-Pacific Conference on Juvenile Delinquency . Taiwan , R. O. C. Harland, A. T.(1983). One hundred years of restitution : An international review and prospectus for research. Victimology, 8(1-2). Hirsch, A.V.(1990). The Ethics of Community-based sanctions, Crime and Delinquency, 36(1): 162-173. Jeffery, C. R.(1977). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. London: Sage. Jones, P.(1991). The Risk of Recidivism: Evaluating the Public Safety Implications of a Community Corrections Program . Journal of Criminal Justice, 19: 49-66 . Latessa, E. J.(1987). The Effectiveness of Intensive Supervision with High Risk Probation. In McCarthy, B. R.(ed.) Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision , Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance. CA: Willow Tree. 99-112. Lemert, E. M.(1975). Secondary Deviance and Role Conception, Farrel , R.A. & Swigert , V. L.: Social Deviance. McCarthy, B. R.(1987). Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision, Home confinement and Electronic Surveillance. CA: Willow Tree. 169-179. McCarty, B. R. & McCarthy, Jr. B. J.(1991). Community-Based Corrections, CA: Brooks/Cole. McShane, M. D. & Krause, W.(1993). Community Corrections, NY: MacMillian. Merton, R. K.(1978). Social Structure and Anomie, Savitz , L. D. & Johnson, N.: Crime in Society. Petersilia, J.(19  ). 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Community Contact and Inmate Attitudes: An Experimental Assessment of Work Release. In Leger, R. G. & John R. Stration, J. R.: The Society of Corrections. Waller, I.(1992).Men Released From Prison. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.